On Memorial Day, Americans remember those who died while in service to the country. In the past five years, a large proportion of these deaths have been suicides.
Popular media often link military suicide with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which does indeed have a documented association with thoughts about suicide. However, clinicians who work with veterans have identified an additional cluster of symptoms that are related to both military deployment and suicide risk but do not fit the criteria for PTSD.
These symptoms fit with what has been called "moral injury."
What is moral injury?
Moral injury can occur when a personal moral code - one's understanding of "what's right" - is violated. Most of us develop this code in childhood based on instructions from parents, teachers and religious leaders.
This sense of morality can incorporate fundamental values of religious and legal doctrines such as "Thou shalt not kill" and "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." Most of us occasionally stray from what our code says is right, but military service - especially in combat zones - can expose people to situations in which every available choice has morally fraught results.
One combat veteran who served in Afghanistan, for example, shared with my psychology of war class an experience in which he shot and killed a child soldier who was about to fire on his men. He knew he had made the "right" choice, but the responsibility for a child's death was still a heavy moral burden.
A veteran salutes the U.S. flag during a Veterans Day observance. Lucy Nicholson/Reuters
The moral conflict created by the violations of "what's right" generates moral injury when the inability to reconcile wartime actions with a personal moral code creates lasting psychological consequences.
Psychiatrist Jonathan Shay, in his work with Vietnam veterans, defined moral injury as the psychological, social and physiological results of a betrayal of "what's right" by an authority in a high-stakes situation. In "Achilles In Vietnam," a book that examines the psychological devastation of war, a Vietnam veteran described a situation in which his commanding officers used tear gas on a village after the veteran and his unit had their gas masks rendered ineffective due to water damage. The veteran stated, "They gassed us almost to death." This type of "friendly fire" incident is morally wounding in a way that attacks by an enemy are not.
Psychologist Brett Litz and his colleagues expanded this to include self-betrayal and identified "perpetrating, failing to prevent, bearing witness to, or learning about acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations" as the cause of moral injury.
Guilt and moral injury
A research study published in 1991 identified combat-related guilt as the best predictor of suicide attempts among a sample of Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Details of the veterans' experiences connected that guilt to morally injurious events. As the authors noted,
"One man, for example, shot and killed a woman who was advancing toward his patrol and did not heed his order to stop. She turned out to be wired with explosives, but the veteran ruminated about whether he could have stopped her by firing a warning shot or wounding her in the legs."
A more recent study of active-duty service members found that the connection between guilt and suicidal thoughts was strongest among those with combat exposure. Another review of research concluded that service members who committed acts that violated accepted bounds of behavior were more prone to substance abuse and suicidal behavior.
Can moral injury be healed?
The truth is that military engagement will always involve morally problematic actions. However, healing from moral injury is possible.
Veterans and volunteers participate in Dancing Well, an evening of community dance designed for veterans and families who are affected by PTSD, in Louisville, Kentucky. AP Photo/ David Stephenson
Mental health treatment can help. Preliminary evidence suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) modified to treat issues related to moral injury can reduce depression as well as guilt- and shame-related thoughts. Treatment can come in other forms as well. Psychotherapist Edward Tick, for example, organizes trips to Vietnam for U.S. veterans to meet their Vietnamese counterparts, for the healing of decades-long wounds.
However, we don't need to be trained therapists to make a difference. Everyday social connections can also help the morally injured heal. In his dissertation, the second author of this article conducted a series of interviews with veterans exposed to potentially morally injurious events and found consistent differences between those with higher levels of depression and suicidal thoughts and those with fewer symptoms. Veterans who weren't doing so well felt isolated and lacked support by friends, by family and by peers. Veterans with few symptoms felt supported by family, friends, peers and by their community. That's the rest of us.
When we discover that someone has a military background, replacing the perfunctory "Thank you for your service" (which rarely leads to a meaningful exchange) with questions that start a conversation can create a new connection. The hopes, dreams, insecurities and mistakes of those who have served may be somewhat different based on their military background; many won't be different at all.
More positive social connections aren't just psychologically healthy for veterans and their families. They are good for all of us, on Memorial Day and every other day of the year.
Holly Arrow is the Director for Groups and War Lab, University of Oregon. William M. Schumacher is a Clinical Psychology Doctoral Candidate, University of Oregon. This article first appeared in The Conversation. Read the original article here.
